The Brothers

Overview

This book is divided into six major sections, each covering a particular country and a particular intervention in a foreign government to overthrow a leader suspected to be a Communist.

The countries and leaders are listed below:

• Iran (Mossaddegh)
• Guatemala (Arbenz)
• Vietnam (Ho Chi Minh)
• The Congo (Lumumba)
• Indonesia (Sukarno)
• Cuba (Castro)

Iran

Mohammad Mosaddegh: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh

• Most notable policy was nationalization of country's oil industry

Guatemala

Jacobo Arbenz: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobo_Arbenz

Vietnam

Ho Chi Minh: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh

The Congo

Patrice Lumumba: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba

Indonesia

Sukarno: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukarno

Cuba

Fidel Castro: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Castro

Quotes

That inscrutable thing is chiefly what I hate; and be the white whale agent, or be the white whale principal, I will wreak that hate upon him. —Captain Ahab in Moby-Dick, by Herman Melville

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 27-29 - Added on Friday, November 08, 2013, 08:07 PM

This story is rich with lessons for the modern era. It is about exceptionalism, the view that the United States is inherently more moral and farther-seeing than other countries and therefore may behave in ways that others should not. It also addresses the belief that because of its immense power, the United States can not only topple governments but guide the course of history.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 71-74 - Added on Friday, November 08, 2013, 08:11 PM

To these widely held convictions, the Dulles brothers added two others, both bred into them over many years. One was missionary Christianity, which tells believers that they understand eternal truths and have an obligation to convert the unenlightened. Alongside it was the presumption that protecting the right of large American corporations to operate freely in the world is good for everyone.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 74-76 - Added on Friday, November 08, 2013, 08:12 PM

History remembers John Watson Foster’s brief term as secretary of state for a singular accomplishment. In 1893 he helped direct the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 158-59 - Added on Friday, November 08, 2013, 08:21 PM

Foster became rich and powerful, but remained nearly friendless and often seemed ill at ease. Allie developed into a witty raconteur whose genial manner could beguile almost anyone. He was, as one biographer put it, “the romantic and adventurous member of the family” but also “a much darker, more ruthless and unscrupulous man than his brother.”

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 210-12 - Added on Friday, November 08, 2013, 10:36 PM

With typical precision, he made a date to take her canoeing on the same day his bar exam was scheduled in Buffalo; if he felt confident he had passed, he would propose. The exam went well. A few hours later, while paddling, Foster asked Janet to marry him. She accepted immediately.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 260-62 - Added on Friday, November 08, 2013, 10:43 PM

Liberals rose up in protest. Violence threatened the interests of thirteen Sullivan & Cromwell clients, owners of sugar mills, railways, and mines who had $170 million—the equivalent of $42 billion in the early twenty-first century—invested in Cuba. They turned to the firm for protection. Foster took the case and traveled immediately to Washington. The next morning he had breakfast with “Uncle Bert.” By his own account he “suggested that the Navy Department send two fast destroyers—one for the northern coast and one for the southern coast of the portion of Cuba controlled by revolutionaries.” Lansing agreed, and the warships were dispatched that afternoon. Marines landed and spread into the countryside to repress protests, beginning what would be a five-year occupation. Liberals realized the futility of resistance and called off their uprising. This was the first foreign intervention in which Foster played a role. It showed him how easy it can be for a rich and powerful country, guided by the wishes of its wealthiest corporations, to impose its will on a poor and weak one.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 404-12 - Added on Friday, November 08, 2013, 11:00 PM

Already he had become comfortable tending simultaneously to the interests of the United States and those of Sullivan & Cromwell clients.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 435-36 - Added on Friday, November 08, 2013, 11:03 PM

His European counterparts were young men of equal ambition and talent, among them John Maynard Keynes, who would soon begin revolutionizing economic theory, and Jean Monnet, one of the visionaries who, a generation later, would lay the foundation for what became the European Union.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 455-57 - Added on Friday, November 08, 2013, 11:06 PM

He found what he wanted at Le Sphinx, an elegant brothel in Montparnasse where the air was redolent of rose perfume, lush fabrics covered the walls, and nude women sat at an elaborate art deco bar. It was one of several lavish houses that became legendary in Paris and far beyond during the 1920s. They attracted an array of sensualists, among them the writers Lawrence Durrell, Ernest Hemingway, Marcel Proust, and Henry Miller; film stars including Humphrey Bogart, Cary Grant, and Marlene Dietrich (women were welcome); artists like Pablo Picasso and Alberto Giacometti; and even the Prince of Wales, later King Edward VIII. All pursued what one chronicler of the age called “an art of living fueled by desire and eccentricity [in] a world where money and class put moral judgments in abeyance.” For Allie, a visit to Le Sphinx satisfied more than just his well-developed sexual appetite. It also gave him a chance to mix with a new kind of elite and to observe people’s behavior at moments free of inhibition. By day he watched statesmen grapple with great questions of war, peace, and the fate of nations. By night he saw some of the same people, plus a diverse parade of others, in far looser circumstances. It was food for the mind.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 466-75 - Added on Friday, November 08, 2013, 11:08 PM

He was unable to see Wilson, but delivered his pamphlet to Colonel House, and received a note acknowledging its receipt. As far as is known, neither of the Dulles brothers was aware of him.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 495-96 - Added on Friday, November 08, 2013, 11:10 PM

Wilson argued ceaselessly for the principle of self-determination. He defined the term as meaning that “national aspirations must be respected,” that no people should be “selfishly exploited,” and that all must be “dominated and governed only by their own consent.” His application of this principle, however, was highly selective. He believed that self-determination was the right of people who lived in the collapsing Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian empires, but not those who lived in overseas colonies. That excluded the Vietnamese, so the conference ended with Ho Chi Minh empty-handed. A year later he became a founding member of the French Communist Party. He then made his way to Moscow, joined the Comintern, and set out to wage revolutionary war against the overlords of the world—among them, three decades later, the Dulles brothers.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 496-502 - Added on Friday, November 08, 2013, 11:10 PM

Wilson’s double standard set off four other explosions of anger from subject peoples. All broke out within a few months of one another in the spring of 1919: a revolution against British rule in Egypt, an anti-Japanese uprising in Korea, the opening campaign of Gandhi’s epic resistance movement in India, and a wave of protest by anti-imperialists in China, which the independence leader Sun Yat-sen attributed to their anger at “how completely they had been deceived by the Great Powers’ advocacy of self-determination.”

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 503-6 - Added on Friday, November 08, 2013, 11:11 PM

By refusing to confront nationalist demands that were emerging in these and other countries, the Western leaders who gathered in Paris laid the groundwork for decades of upheaval. Their determination to preserve their dominions far outweighed their commitment to the abstract principle of self-determination. This was as true for Wilson as for the others.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 506-9 - Added on Friday, November 08, 2013, 11:11 PM

Allie helped award the disputed Sudetenland, populated mainly by German-speakers, to the new nation of Czechoslovakia, and later admitted that his Boundary Commission had turned Czechoslovakia into “a banana lying across the face of Europe.” Fourteen years later, the Nazis would rise to power in part by exploiting German anger at these two fiats.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 517-19 - Added on Friday, November 08, 2013, 11:12 PM

The Paris conference was a global coming-out party for a triumphant America. Wilson’s delegation numbered in the hundreds, far more than had ever represented the United States anywhere.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 519-20 - Added on Friday, November 08, 2013, 11:12 PM

It was the destiny of the United States, he declared in a speech before departing, “to carry liberty and justice and the principles of humanity” to the world’s less civilized peoples, and to “convert them to the principles of America.”

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 521-23 - Added on Friday, November 08, 2013, 11:12 PM

The intimate connection that would define their later lives—and shape the fate of nations—grew from a deep mutual trust and sympathy that they developed for the first time as adults in Paris. Opposites in personality, they were in perfect accord politically and philosophically.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 529-31 - Added on Friday, November 08, 2013, 11:13 PM

A strong strain of paternalism also shaped Wilson’s worldview. He was a product of Southern gentility, admired the Ku Klux Klan, and considered segregation “not humiliating but a benefit.” As president he ordered both the federal bureaucracy and the Washington transit system segregated. He hosted the premiere of the film The Birth of a Nation at the White House and lamented afterward that its portrayal of black men as violent simians “is all so terribly true.” During his eight years in office he sent American troops to intervene in more countries than any previous president: Cuba, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Mexico, Nicaragua, and even, in the turbulent period following the Bolshevik Revolution, the Soviet Union.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 540-46 - Added on Friday, November 08, 2013, 11:14 PM

he wanted to bring democracy to oppressed people. This was a radically new concept. Past American leaders had taken the opposite view, that darker-skinned people were incapable of self-government and needed to be ruled by others—a view summarized by the first American military commander in Cuba, General William Shafter, when he pronounced Cubans “no more fit for self-government than gunpowder is for hell.”

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 547-50 - Added on Friday, November 08, 2013, 11:15 PM

Once home from the peace conference, Wilson did all he could to combat the poison he saw emanating from Russia. Using the newly passed Sedition Act, he endorsed the deportation of supposed subversives, and after several anarchist bombs exploded and police uncovered a plot to mail others to wealthy industrialists and bankers, he authorized Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer to launch the first of what would become two years of raids that led to the arrest of thousands of immigrants and the deportation of hundreds. No less than twenty-five times in 1919 and 1920, Wilson deployed the United States Army to suppress “labor unrest” or “racial unrest.”

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 560-65 - Added on Friday, November 08, 2013, 11:16 PM

Foster also took a ghostwriting assignment from his mentor Bernard Baruch, who like many of Wilson’s friends and admirers was disturbed by the runaway success of a 1919 book attacking the Versailles treaty, The Economic Consequences of the Peace, by John Maynard Keynes. The book warned that the treaty’s reparations section, which Foster had drafted and Baruch presented as his own, exposed Europe to “the menace of inflationism.” Baruch resolved to reply. His book, ponderously titled The Making of the Reparation and Economic Sections of the Treaty, argued that reparations clauses were “vital to the interest of the American people and even more vital to world stability.” Foster did most of the writing and editing, for which Baruch paid him ten thousand dollars.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 574-80 - Added on Friday, November 08, 2013, 11:18 PM

As the world’s navies were converting from coal-powered to oil-powered warships, marking the beginning of the petroleum age, he worked to ensure that the United States won its share of access to the resource that would shape the unfolding century.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 600-602 - Added on Saturday, November 09, 2013, 12:10 AM

Between trips to the Middle East, Allen found enough time to attend evening and early-morning classes at George Washington University Law School, from which he graduated in 1926. Nonetheless he sensed his career and life stalling. He was in his thirties, living on a civil servant’s salary and a modest inheritance from “Grandfather Foster.” His work had little impact. Once he found a packet of his reports lying unopened in a State Department closet.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 602-5 - Added on Saturday, November 09, 2013, 12:11 AM

Life with Clover was increasingly complicated. At one point Allen confronted her with an exorbitant bill from Cartier’s, and she calmly explained that she had learned of his relationship with another woman and had bought herself an emerald necklace as “compensation.” She then announced that she intended to buy a new piece of jewelry each time she discovered one of his affairs. This would have led the couple quickly to bankruptcy, and she did not carry out her threat.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 605-9 - Added on Saturday, November 09, 2013, 12:12 AM

Later he called this period “the slough of my Despond.”

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 612 - Added on Saturday, November 09, 2013, 12:12 AM

Foster became part of a four-man team running the firm, and a few months later, Cromwell made him the sole managing partner. He was thirty-eight years old and just fifteen years out of law school. Thus began his quarter century as one of the American elite’s most ruthlessly effective and best-paid courtiers.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 621-23 - Added on Saturday, November 09, 2013, 12:14 AM

“I’m not sure I want to go to heaven,” Douglas mused later in life. “I’m afraid I might meet John Foster Dulles there.”

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 651-52 - Added on Saturday, November 09, 2013, 03:07 PM

In 1934 he brought the biggest German nickel producer, I.G. Farben, into the cartel. This gave Nazi Germany access to the cartel’s resources. “Without Dulles,” according to a study of Sullivan & Cromwell, “Germany would have lacked any negotiating strength with [International Nickel], which controlled the world’s supply of nickel, a crucial ingredient in stainless steel and armor plate.” I.G. Farben was also one of the world’s largest chemical companies—it would produce the Zyklon B gas used at Nazi death camps—and as Foster was bringing it into the nickel cartel, he also helped it establish a global chemical cartel. He was a board member and legal counsel for another chemical producer, the Solvay conglomerate, based in Belgium. During the 1930s he guided Solvay, I.G. Farben, the American firm Allied Chemical & Dye, and several other companies into a chemical cartel just as potent as the one he had organized for nickel producers. In mid-1931 a consortium of American banks, eager to safeguard their investments in Germany, persuaded the German government to accept a loan of nearly $500 million to prevent default. Foster was their agent. His ties to the German government tightened after Hitler took power at the beginning of 1933 and appointed Foster’s old friend Hjalmar Schacht as minister of economics.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 858-68 - Added on Saturday, November 09, 2013, 03:35 PM

Working with Schacht, Foster helped the National Socialist state find rich sources of financing in the United States for its public agencies, banks, and industries. The two men shaped complex restructurings of German loan obligations at several “debt conferences” in Berlin—conferences that were officially among bankers, but were in fact closely guided by the German and American governments—and came up with new formulas that made it easier for the Germans to borrow money from American banks.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 873-77 - Added on Saturday, November 09, 2013, 03:37 PM

He supported the neutralist America First committee—Sullivan & Cromwell drew up its articles of incorporation without charge—and roused its members with speeches denouncing Churchill, Roosevelt, and other “warmongers.” Hitler impressed him as “one who from humble beginnings, and despite the handicap of alien nationality, had attained the unquestioned leadership of a great nation.”

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 926-28 - Added on Saturday, November 09, 2013, 03:41 PM

He tried to persuade a Supreme Court justice, Harlan Fiske Stone, to resign and direct Sullivan & Cromwell’s ultimately unsuccessful challenge to the law. Stone declined—and lamented in passing that the flow of talented lawyers to firms serving corporate power “has made the learned profession of an earlier day the obsequious servant of business, and tainted it with the morals and manners of the market-place in its most anti-social manifestations.”

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 959-62 - Added on Sunday, November 10, 2013, 11:15 AM

The Dulles brothers were paragons of the Wilsonian idea that came to be known as “liberal internationalism.” They believed that trouble in the world came from misunderstandings among ruling elites, not from social or political injustices, and that commerce could reduce or eliminate this trouble. This was a refined version of the “open door” policy the United States had embraced for decades—a policy that might better be called “kick in the door” because it was aimed at forcing other countries to accept trade arrangements favorable to American interests.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 962-66 - Added on Sunday, November 10, 2013, 11:16 AM

To provide this guidance in a systematic way, they brought their new club into being in 1921. They called it the Council on Foreign Relations. Its motto was a single Latin word that spoke volumes: ubique, meaning “everywhere.” This was an era when American foreign policy was the province of a small elite, and the men who founded the council were all certified members.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 976-79 - Added on Sunday, November 10, 2013, 11:18 AM

Coolidge was the founding editor of the council’s journal, Foreign Affairs, which made its debut in the summer of 1922 with articles by Foster and Root, among others. After Coolidge’s death in 1928 the editorship passed to Allen’s lifelong friend Hamilton Fish Armstrong. He held the job for nearly half a century, including a period in the 1940s when Allen served as the council’s president. “No nation can reach the position of a world power, as we have done, without becoming entangled in almost every quarter of the globe in one way or another,” Foster wrote in what could be taken as a summary of the council’s internationalist credo. “We are inextricably and inevitably tied to world affairs.”

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 983-89 - Added on Sunday, November 10, 2013, 11:20 AM

Promoters of “internationalism” were eager above all to preserve stability. Like many of them, Foster saw authoritarian leaders like Hitler as valuable allies in the fight against Bolshevism.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 997-99 - Added on Sunday, November 10, 2013, 11:22 AM

the Truman Doctrine. “Totalitarian regimes imposed on free peoples, by direct or indirect aggression, undermine the foundations of international peace and hence the security of the United States,” the president asserted. “At the present moment in world history, nearly every nation must choose between alternative ways of life. The choice is too often not a free one. One way of life is based upon the will of the majority, and is distinguished by free institutions.… The second way of life is based upon the will of a minority forcibly imposed upon the majority. It relies upon terror and oppression, a controlled press and radio, fixed elections, and the suppression of personal freedoms. I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.”

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 1426-32 - Added on Monday, November 11, 2013, 04:27 PM

Congress accepted Truman’s worldview and appropriated the $400 million he requested for military aid to countries where Communist influence was seen to be growing. Some historians pinpoint this as the moment when the Cold War began in earnest, as the United States proclaimed that it considered the entire world a battleground between the superpowers.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 1433-35 - Added on Monday, November 11, 2013, 04:28 PM

For much of his life, Foster had believed that the root of conflict and global instability was the failure of nations to cooperate. After the war he abandoned this view. In his new theology, threats to peace came not from the recklessness of nations, but the recklessness of one nation: the Soviet Union.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 1458-60 - Added on Monday, November 11, 2013, 04:33 PM

Occasionally a voice emerged to offer a less apocalyptic view of Soviet intentions. The columnist Walter Lippmann urged Americans to “stop beating our heads against stone walls under the illusion that we have been appointed policeman to the human race,” and warned that Washington’s fixation on the Cold War “is misconceived, and must result in a misuse of American power.” These warnings, however, were overwhelmed by a fast-developing national consensus that the world had been divided between godly forces and others that were evil.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 1486-89 - Added on Monday, November 11, 2013, 04:37 PM

Niebuhr, however, never sought a political role. Instead he remained reflective, and was uncomfortable with Foster’s emerging good-versus-evil view of the world. It contradicted his own belief in moral ambiguity, the danger of self-righteousness, the imperfection of human institutions, and what he called “the similarity between our sin and the guilt of others.” Foster believed the principal threat to the United States came from Moscow; Niebuhr saw it in the egotism of Americans and their leaders.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 1494-98 - Added on Monday, November 11, 2013, 04:38 PM

Vishinsky combined a confrontational style with an absolute insistence on squeezing every bit of advantage for his side, which he believed embodied the future of humanity. During one summit he was so relentlessly demanding that American delegates retreated to regroup. One of them wondered aloud what Vishinsky might have become if he had been born and raised in the United States. “Why, there’s no doubt about it,” General Walter Bedell Smith answered. “He would have been senior partner at Sullivan & Cromwell.”

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 1506-10 - Added on Monday, November 11, 2013, 04:39 PM

“There were strong objections to having a single agency with the authority both to collect secret intelligence and to process and evaluate it for the President,” according to one history. “The objections were overruled, and CIA became a unique organization among Western intelligence services, which uniformly keep their secret operations separate from their overall intelligence activities.”

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 1550-53 - Added on Monday, November 11, 2013, 04:44 PM

These operations were to be “so planned and executed that any US government responsibility for them is not evident to unauthorized persons, and that if uncovered the US government can plausibly disclaim any responsibility for them.” As the CIA evolved in the way Allen wished, Foster also began sensing events moving in his direction. He believed he could direct American diplomacy better than Secretary of State Marshall or anyone else working for “that shirt salesman from Kansas City,” as he called Truman.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 1597-1601 - Added on Monday, November 11, 2013, 09:20 PM

At home he found his adversaries not just among Democrats, but also in the group of Republicans who wished the United States to play a less intrusive role in the world. Their leader, Senator Robert Taft of Ohio, who ran against Dewey for the Republican presidential nomination in 1948, rejected the idea that destiny was calling Americans to overspread the globe.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 1606-9 - Added on Monday, November 11, 2013, 09:20 PM

The contest for the Republican presidential nomination in 1948 was not just between Dewey and Taft, but between the “internationalist” and “isolationist” wings of the party. Foster was Dewey’s foreign policy adviser during the campaign, and through Dewey, he pressed his internationalist views.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 1612-14 - Added on Monday, November 11, 2013, 09:21 PM

Three months after Foster took his seat in the Senate, Communists under Mao Zedong won the civil war in China. Foster had known Chiang Kai-shek, leader of the defeated Nationalists, for more than a decade, and was also close to the equally autocratic President Syngman Rhee of South Korea. Both were not simply anti-Communist but Christian, which made Foster especially zealous in their defense. He had once described the two men as “modern-day equivalents of the founders of the Church.”

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 1657-60 - Added on Monday, November 11, 2013, 09:25 PM

In the end Foster was defeated by a decisive 200,000 votes. “I’m glad that duck lost,” Truman said after hearing the news.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 1681-83 - Added on Monday, November 11, 2013, 09:27 PM

attack—the fact that we had no forewarning of it—only stimulated the already existent preference of the military planners for drawing their conclusions only from the assessed capabilities of the adversary, dismissing his intentions, which could be safely assumed to be hostile. All this tended to heighten the militarization of thinking about the Cold War in general, and to press us into attitudes where any discriminate estimate of Soviet intentions was unwelcome and unacceptable.”

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 1719-23 - Added on Monday, November 11, 2013, 09:31 PM

“Even if the spy Allen Dulles should arrive in Heaven through someone’s absentmindedness,” Ehrenburg wrote in Pravda, “he would begin to blow up the clouds, mine the stars, and slaughter the angels.”

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 1738-39 - Added on Monday, November 11, 2013, 09:32 PM

He pledged that “liberating the captive peoples” would be one of his priorities in office, and vowed not to rest “until the enslaved nations of the world have in the fullness of freedom the right to choose their own path.” His running mate, Senator Richard Nixon of California, scorned the Democrats for treating the confrontation with Communism as a “nicey-nice little powder-puff duel.”

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 1848-50 - Added on Monday, November 11, 2013, 09:52 PM

The Cold War became a holy war against the infidels,

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 1868 - Added on Monday, November 11, 2013, 09:57 PM

a defense of free God-fearing men against the atheistic Communist system.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 1868-69 - Added on Monday, November 11, 2013, 09:57 PM

As it turned out, the image was an illusion. The specter of a powerful Russia was remote from the reality of a country weakened by war, with a shattered economy, an overtaxed civilian and military bureaucracy, and large areas of civil unrest. The illusory image was at least partly due to a failure of intelligence.…

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 1872-74 - Added on Monday, November 11, 2013, 09:58 PM

He also considered Paul Hoffman, the administrator of the Marshall Plan—which covertly funneled 5 percent of its budget to the

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 1882-83 - Added on Monday, November 11, 2013, 09:59 PM

He also considered Paul Hoffman, the administrator of the Marshall Plan—which covertly funneled 5 percent of its budget to the CIA—and

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 1882-83 - Added on Monday, November 11, 2013, 09:59 PM

“Smooth is an inadequate word for Dulles,” Stone wrote. “His prevarications are so highly polished as to be aesthetically pleasurable.… Dulles is a man of wily and subtle mind. It is difficult to believe that behind his unctuous manner he does not take a cynical amusement in his own monstrous pomposities. He gives the impression of a man who lives constantly behind a mask.… It is fortunate for this country, Western Europe and China that he was not at the helm of foreign policy before the war. It is unfortunate that he should be now.”

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 1904-8 - Added on Monday, November 11, 2013, 10:03 PM

During his OSS days, Allen’s cryptonym had been simply a number, 110. This time he chose a more mysterious one: Ascham. It was the name given to an elite warrior class in ancient Egypt, and is said to mean “those who stand at the left hand of the king.”

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 1921-22 - Added on Monday, November 11, 2013, 10:05 PM

Because she was a woman, though, she faced discrimination at every stage. Her boss at the Commerce Department frankly told her she had “the best brain in this building,” but that he would not promote her because “I don’t believe in women getting too high up.”

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 1927-29 - Added on Monday, November 11, 2013, 10:06 PM

Foster was shaped above all by a lifetime working for international banks and businesses, whose interests he had come to identify with those of the United States. His mastery of complex legal and financial codes reflected a rigorously organized mind, but he was not a deep thinker. The few new ideas he developed were modest in scale, dealing with matters like tariffs and exchange mechanisms. His ideology was the defense of the two principles that he believed best served global commerce: free enterprise and American-centered internationalism. He was driven to find and confront enemies, quick to make moral judgments, and not given to subtlety or doubt.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 1935-39 - Added on Monday, November 11, 2013, 10:07 PM

Dwight Eisenhower took office on January 20, 1953. “Forces of good and evil are massed and armed and opposed as rarely before in history,” he declared in his inaugural address. “Freedom is pitted against slavery, lightness against the dark.” Never before had siblings directed the overt and covert sides of American foreign policy. It was an arrangement fraught with danger. The Dulles brothers had shared such common backgrounds, and spent so much time together over so many years, that their minds had come to function as one. They knew, or believed they knew, the same deep truths about the world. Their intimacy rendered discussion and debate unnecessary. There would be no reason for State Department and CIA officers to meet and thrash out the possible advantages and disadvantages of a proposed operation. With a glance, a nod, and a few words, without consulting anyone other than the president, the brothers could mobilize the full power of the United States anywhere in the world.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 1943-50 - Added on Monday, November 11, 2013, 10:08 PM

“It has always surprised me that more of a fuss was not made over the constellation of power resulting from Foster at State and Allen at the CIA,” Mary Bancroft wrote years later. “Undoubtedly the only reason that there was not more criticism of this particular combination was that Eisenhower was in the White House. The American people had placed their faith in Daddy—and Daddy could do no wrong.”

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 1951-54 - Added on Monday, November 11, 2013, 10:09 PM

Many historians have observed that, as Stephen Ambrose put it, “Eisenhower and Dulles continued the policy of containment. There was no basic difference between their foreign policy and that of Truman and Acheson.”

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 1974-76 - Added on Monday, November 11, 2013, 10:11 PM

First, historians now know that covert operations were far more important during World War II than outsiders understood at the time. Spectacularly effective ones, including the breaking of German codes, remained secret for decades. As the Allied commander, Eisenhower was of course privy to all of them. Understanding the role they played in winning the war must have left him with a deep appreciation for what covert action can achieve. Eisenhower would also have seen covert action as humanitarian. It was a way to fight high-stakes battles at low cost. Never foreseeing the long-term effects these operations might have, he imagined them as almost bloodless.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 1985-90 - Added on Monday, November 11, 2013, 10:12 PM

And of course in those days, you had this notion of plausible deniability. You could really believe no one would ever know what you had done. If somebody said, ‘Mr. President, I don’t understand why you authorized that operation against Arbenz,’ he would look you in the face and say, ‘I don’t know what you’re talking about.’ That’s the way things were done in those days.”

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 1992-95 - Added on Monday, November 11, 2013, 10:13 PM

First was missionary Christianity. “I see the destiny of America embodied in the first Puritan who landed on those shores, just as the human race was represented by the first man,” Alexis de Tocqueville wrote at the beginning of the nineteenth century. This destiny reached apotheosis in the Dulles brothers. They were raised in a parsonage and taught from childhood that the world is an eternal battleground between righteousness and evil. Their father was a master of apologetics, the discipline of explaining and defending religious belief. They assimilated what the sociologist Max Weber described as two fundamental Calvinist tenets: that Christians are “weapons in the hands of God and executors of His providential will” and that “God’s glory demanded that the reprobate be compelled to submit to the law of the Church.” The second force that shaped the brothers was American history. They could only have been awed by its upward arc.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 2000-2007 - Added on Monday, November 11, 2013, 10:14 PM

As adults, Foster and Allen were shaped by a third force: decades of work defending the interests of America’s biggest multinational corporations. Although not plutocrats themselves, they spent their lives serving plutocrats.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 2010-11 - Added on Monday, November 11, 2013, 10:15 PM

corporate globalism—what they and other founders of the Council on Foreign Relations called “liberal internationalism.”

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 2012-13 - Added on Monday, November 11, 2013, 10:15 PM

In his famous Independence Day speech to the House of Representatives on July 4, 1821, Secretary of State John Quincy Adams proclaimed that the United States “goes not abroad in search of monsters to destroy.” The Dulles brothers, however, did. Six impassioned visionaries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America became the monsters they went abroad to destroy. Their campaigns against these six were momentous battles in the global war the United States waged secretly during the 1950s.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 2029-32 - Added on Monday, November 11, 2013, 10:17 PM

Mossadegh emerged from an ancient culture enveloped in fatalism, poetry, and a belief that most problems will never be solved because injustice rules the lives of men. A very different culture shaped the Dulles brothers. They grew up as their country soared toward prosperity and global power. Like many Americans of their generation, they were boundlessly optimistic and self-confident. They believed that their country was uniquely blessed, that God wished it to project influence around the world, and that good people would welcome this influence because it was righteous, benevolent, and civilizing.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 2091-95 - Added on Wednesday, November 13, 2013, 08:50 PM

Foster remained somber and withdrawn. He rarely ventured out at night, preferring to sit at home working on a speech, reading a detective novel, or playing backgammon with Janet.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 2131-33 - Added on Thursday, November 14, 2013, 11:32 AM

He was an awkward dinner guest, often inelegantly dressed in off-green suits, with distracting habits like stirring his drink with his index finger and stretching his legs to reveal stretches of pale skin. During one dinner, the wife of an undersecretary of the navy noticed him picking melted wax from a candle, squeezing it into a ball, and chewing it. “Now, Mr. Dulles, I scold my children for doing that,” she told him. “It’s bad manners and it messes up the tablecloth.” Foster quickly apologized for his “terrible habit” and later acknowledged the lady’s gift of a box of candles to soothe any hurt feelings. Social graces were not his strength at work either. His confidence in his own judgment was so strong that he felt little need to consult State Department professionals, and he often treated them brusquely. During meetings he doodled incessantly on yellow legal pads, taking breaks to sharpen his pencil with a pocket knife. When lost in thought he made what the columnist Stewart Alsop called “small clicking noises with his tongue.” The extended silences between his sentences were legendary. “His speech was slow,” the future British prime minister Harold Macmillan wrote after one meeting, “but it easily kept pace with his thoughts.”

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 2134-44 - Added on Thursday, November 14, 2013, 11:33 AM

The columnist Allen Drury called him “a man of notoriously thin skin who is not above trying to get the jobs of newspapermen who criticize his agency.”

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 2159-61 - Added on Thursday, November 14, 2013, 11:36 AM

Whether this was a sober estimate of Soviet power or a wild exaggeration, it both reflected and intensified the sense of fear that many Americans felt. Foster sought to make nuclear combat seem a real, imminent possibility. He conveyed a terrifying worldview. Most Americans came to share it.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 2176-78 - Added on Thursday, November 14, 2013, 11:41 AM

Even before Eisenhower took office, however, members of his incoming administration had begun discussions with agents of Britain’s Secret Intelligence Service about a plot against Mossadegh. Their interlocutor was Christopher Montague Woodhouse, a former chief of the British intelligence station in Tehran, who made a secret trip to Washington soon after the election. At the State Department and again at the CIA, he argued that Mossadegh should be overthrown not as punishment for seizing Britain’s oil company, but because he had become too weak to resist a possible Soviet-backed coup.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 2183-88 - Added on Thursday, November 14, 2013, 11:46 AM

“A powerful ally was Frank Wisner, who was then director of [CIA] operations.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 2189 - Added on Thursday, November 14, 2013, 11:46 AM

Foster realized that if Mossadegh thrived, leaders of other countries might follow him toward neutralism. If he were to fall, neutralism would seem less tempting.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 2211-12 - Added on Thursday, November 14, 2013, 11:54 AM

The Eisenhower administration came to office pledging to lead the United States out of what Vice President Richard Nixon had called “Dean Acheson’s college of cowardly communist containment.”

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 2228-29 - Added on Thursday, November 14, 2013, 11:58 AM

Striking against Mossadegh was also tempting because of the political risk of not doing so. Senator Joseph McCarthy and other anti-Communist zealots in Congress were denouncing diplomats they blamed for the “loss” of China. If Iran were somehow to be “lost,” Eisenhower and the Dulles brothers would be accused of having failed to act.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 2240-43 - Added on Thursday, November 14, 2013, 12:03 PM

Losing access to Iranian oil, a foundation of British economic and military power, was difficult for British leaders even to contemplate. They had been forced to surrender India; Kenya was afire with anticolonial passion; and now the Iranians had nationalized their oil industry. One British diplomat warned plaintively that if this momentum was not stopped, “we will be driven back to our island, where we shall starve.”

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 2244-47 - Added on Thursday, November 14, 2013, 12:05 PM

“If it weren’t for the Cold War,” McGhee mused as the coup was being planned, “there’s no reason why we shouldn’t let the British and the Iranians fight it out.”

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 2265-66 - Added on Thursday, November 14, 2013, 12:09 PM

By 1953 the CIA had become a truly global organization, six times larger than when it was founded in 1947. Allen commanded fifteen thousand employees in fifty countries, with an annual budget in the hundreds of millions of dollars, no accounting necessary. He had remarkably little to show for it.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 2286-88 - Added on Thursday, November 14, 2013, 12:11 PM

They asked that the CIA be authorized to do something it had never done before: overthrow a foreign leader. Their target would be Mossadegh. Less than two months after taking office, the brothers were bringing American foreign policy into a new age.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 2300-2302 - Added on Thursday, November 14, 2013, 12:19 PM

a morally centered warrior who assumes burdens—even the moral burden of murder—in order to ensure the ultimate triumph of justice.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 2391-92 - Added on Thursday, November 14, 2013, 12:49 PM

Foster never forgot the trauma of Woodrow Wilson’s collapse after his failure to win Senate approval for American entry into the League of Nations. From it he drew the lesson that makers of American foreign policy must work closely with Congress and avoid alienating any of its prominent members. This made him eager, in his own words, “to find a basis for cooperation with McCarthy.”

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 2491-94 - Added on Thursday, November 14, 2013, 07:50 PM

“Some paradox of our nature,” the essayist Lionel Trilling has observed, “leads us, when once we have made our fellow men the objects of our enlightened interest, to go on to make them the objects of our pity, then of our wisdom, ultimately of our coercion.”

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 2562-63 - Added on Thursday, November 14, 2013, 07:58 PM

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Bookmark Loc. 2624 - Added on Thursday, November 14, 2013, 08:06 PM

“He eliminated himself instantly and unequivocally,” Eisenhower wrote in his memoir. “He said, in effect, ‘I have been interested since boyhood in the diplomatic and foreign affairs of our nation. I’m highly complimented by the implication that I might be suited to the position of chief justice, but I assure you that my interests lie with the duties of my present post. As long as you are happy with my performance here, I have no interest in any other.’” Foster’s decision to remain as secretary of state opened the way for the appointment of Earl Warren as chief justice.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 2623-27 - Added on Thursday, November 14, 2013, 08:07 PM

“This fellow preaches like a Methodist minister,” Churchill complained privately. “His bloody text is always the same: that nothing but evil can come out of a meeting with Malenkov. Dulles is a terrible handicap. Ten years ago I could have dealt with him. Even as it is I have not been defeated by this bastard. I have been humiliated by my own decay.”

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 2639-42 - Added on Thursday, November 14, 2013, 08:08 PM

All three of the concepts that Americans associated most directly with Foster—rollback, the agonizing reappraisal, and massive retaliation—were devoid of serious meaning.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 2660-61 - Added on Thursday, November 14, 2013, 09:36 PM

Early in 1954 he declared that “it is entirely up to Guatemala to decide what kind of democracy she should have,” and demanded that outside powers treat Latin American countries as more than “objects of monopolistic investments and sources of raw materials.” Time called this “the most forthright pro-Communist declaration the President has ever uttered.”

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 2756-59 - Added on Thursday, November 14, 2013, 09:59 PM

Once a reporter asked him what the CIA was. “The State Department for unfriendly countries,” he replied.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 2871-72 - Added on Friday, November 15, 2013, 10:55 AM

Congress passed a bill adding the phrase “under God” to the Pledge of Allegiance, and then another making “In God We Trust” the nation’s official motto.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 2957-58 - Added on Friday, November 15, 2013, 11:09 AM

The CIA had no direct channel to Archbishop Mariano Rossell y Arellano of Guatemala, but its indirect channel was ideal. The most prominent Catholic prelate in the United States, Francis Cardinal Spellman of New York, was not only outspokenly anti-Communist, but also a crafty global power broker with deep contacts throughout Latin America. Among his friends were three dictators—Batista, Trujillo, and Somoza—who detested Arbenz. Spellman had a special interest in Guatemala, not only because Archbishop Rossell y Arellano shared his political views—he admired Francisco Franco and considered land reform “completely communistic”—but also because of Guatemalan history. In the 1870s Guatemala had been the first Latin American country to embrace the principles of anticlericalism: lay education, civil marriage, limits on the number of foreign-born priests, and a ban on political activity by the clergy. The Church had an old score to settle there.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 2961-67 - Added on Friday, November 15, 2013, 11:11 AM

On the morning of June 16, 1954, Foster, Allen, and Eisenhower’s other top national security aides met with the president for breakfast in the family quarters of the White House. Allen reported that all was ready in Guatemala. “Are you sure this is going to succeed?” Eisenhower asked. Allen said it would. “I want all of you to be damn good and sure you succeed,” the president told them. “I’m prepared to take any steps that are necessary to see that it succeeds. When you commit the flag, you commit it to win.”

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 3002-6 - Added on Friday, November 15, 2013, 11:16 AM

the planes were deployed. Later he told one of his close military comrades, General Andrew Goodpaster, that it was an easy choice. “If you at any time take the route of violence or support of violence,” he said, “then you commit yourself to carry it through, and it’s too late to have second thoughts.”

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 3030-33 - Added on Friday, November 15, 2013, 11:18 AM

wow.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Note Loc. 3033 - Added on Friday, November 15, 2013, 11:18 AM

“A combination of the State Department, the Central Intelligence Agency, and the Banana Empire had finally managed to crush this small nation, indefensible and inoffensive, one hundred times smaller than its adversary, and drown in blood a flowering democracy dedicated to the dignity and economic liberation of its people. The next day, John Foster Dulles announced the ‘glorious victory’ and proclaimed his delight at the crime’s consummation.”

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 3065-69 - Added on Friday, November 15, 2013, 11:26 AM

When the fighting ended with Japan’s surrender in August, the team commander, Major Allison Thomas of the U.S. Army, had a farewell dinner with him and asked him if he was a Communist. “Yes,” Ho replied. “But we can still be friends, can’t we?”

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 3107-9 - Added on Friday, November 15, 2013, 01:30 PM

Foster arrived in Geneva with a single goal: to prevent any compromise with Ho. Every other delegation, except for the one representing Vietnam’s old emperor, Bao Dai, favored compromise. Rather than accept the consensus, Foster resolved to lead the United States on a course of its own. In time this would lead it to war in Vietnam.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 3143-45 - Added on Friday, November 15, 2013, 01:34 PM

In 1950, eager to win French support for the American-led war in Korea, Truman put aside his anticolonial impulse and agreed to begin subsidizing France’s war in Vietnam. He sent $100 million. By 1952 this aid had tripled to $300 million. Two years later it was nearly $1 billion.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 3162-64 - Added on Friday, November 15, 2013, 01:40 PM

It is one of the most dangerous, in fact potentially suicidal, things a great nation can do in world affairs: to cut off its eyes and ears, to castrate its analytic capacity, to shut itself off from the truth because of blind prejudice and a misguided dispensation of good and evil.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 3175-76 - Added on Friday, November 15, 2013, 01:42 PM

Late in 1953, Viet Minh attackers surrounded the strategic French outpost at Dien Bien Phu, in Vietnam’s mountainous northwest. All understood that a decisive battle was at hand. If France faced defeat, might the United States send troops to relieve the besieged garrison? When this question was raised at a National Security Council meeting on January 8, 1954, according to the official transcript, President Eisenhower reacted “with vehemence.” “[There’s] just no sense in even talking about United States forces replacing the French in Indochina,” he said. “If we did so, the Vietnamese could be expected to transfer their hatred of the French to us. I cannot tell you … how bitterly opposed I am to such a course of action. This war in Indochina would absorb our troops by divisions.”

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 3179-85 - Added on Friday, November 15, 2013, 03:07 PM

noted a lack of intellectual engagement. He often turned aside probing discussion by telling a story, or musing about his favorite baseball team, the Washington Senators. His mind was undisciplined. By one account he “seemed almost scatterbrained.” A senior British agent who worked with him for years recalled being “seldom able to penetrate beyond his laugh, or to conduct any serious professional conversation with him for more than a few sentences.”

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 3313-16 - Added on Friday, November 15, 2013, 07:36 PM

Overseas Press Club in New York on March 29, 1954. His central challenge was to explain to Americans why they must resist Ho. The answer was what he called the “domino theory.”

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 3229-30 - Added on Friday, November 15, 2013, 10:46 PM

Just hours after this fateful meeting, in faraway Guatemala, President Jacobo Arbenz resigned. On a single weekend—June 26–27, 1954—the second Dulles target fell and covert action against the third began.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 3434-35 - Added on Friday, November 15, 2013, 11:06 PM

Lansdale seized on a provision of the Geneva accord that allowed anyone in North or South Vietnam to move freely to the other part of the country. More than one million Catholics lived in the north. Communists had not treated Catholics well in Indochina, and CIA officers launched a large-scale propaganda campaign aimed at frightening them into abandoning their homes and fleeing to the south. They bribed soothsayers to predict doom in the north, persuaded priests to tell their parishioners that “the Virgin Mary has fled to the south,” and distributed leaflets suggesting that Ho’s regime was plotting anti-Catholic pogroms, had invited Chinese troops into the country who were raping Vietnamese women, and expected an American nuclear attack. Tens of thousands, then hundreds of thousands, responded to this campaign. Carrying their belongings on their backs, they flooded into the harbor town of Haiphong, where U.S. Navy warships were waiting to carry them south. This is said to have been the largest-scale naval evacuation in history.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 3462-69 - Added on Friday, November 15, 2013, 11:10 PM

Churchill agreed. After one of their meetings he remarked, “Foster Dulles is the only case I know of a bull who carries his own china shop around with him.”

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 3569-71 - Added on Saturday, November 16, 2013, 01:59 PM

Two meetings of powerful leaders, held thousands of miles apart, reflected profoundly different views of the world. Leaders who gathered at Geneva presented the traditional Cold War narrative: two warring blocs led by Moscow and Washington. Those who convened at Bandung offered a counter-narrative. They saw a world divided not between Communists and anti-Communists, but between nations emerging from colonialism and established powers determined to continue influencing them. The summit at Geneva helped maintain a delicate peace between superpowers. From the Asian-African Conference emerged a kaleidoscope of nationalist passions that would shape the next half century.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 3663-67 - Added on Saturday, November 16, 2013, 02:11 PM

James Reston of the New York Times wrote that he had become a “supreme expert” in the art of diplomatic blundering. “He doesn’t just stumble into booby traps,” Reston observed. “He digs them to size, studies them carefully, and then jumps.”

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 3684-87 - Added on Saturday, November 16, 2013, 10:09 PM

During Allen’s first four years as director of central intelligence, Eisenhower repeatedly defended him and yielded to his judgment. He accepted Allen’s advice that the United States continue to support Diem in South Vietnam even though his own personal envoy urged the opposite; he rejected General Doolittle’s suggestion that he fire Allen; and he turned aside Killian’s criticism of Allen’s administrative ability. Following this pattern, he ignored his intelligence board when it recommended that he curb Allen’s authority.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 3810-14 - Added on Saturday, November 16, 2013, 10:24 PM

Omega envisioned a campaign of escalating coercion, but had no fixed goal. At various points, it aimed at forcing Nasser to cut his ties with the Soviet Union, recognize Israel, stop subsidizing nationalists in other Arab countries, and order “a public reorientation of Egypt’s informational media toward advocacy of cooperation and close economic cooperation with the West, including a public statement from Nasser to that effect.” To achieve these goals, the United States would suspend aid programs, refuse arms sales, strengthen pro-American regimes in nearby countries, and work with Britain to counter Nasser’s influence across the Arab world.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 3984-88 - Added on Sunday, November 17, 2013, 04:11 PM

If things went well, they might even secure the breakup of Indonesia. This would leave Sukarno controlling Java, where most of Indonesia’s population lives, but might bring other resource-rich islands under Washington’s influence. “Don’t tie yourself irrevocably to a policy of preserving the unity of Indonesia,” Foster told Hugh Cumming, the Virginia-bred diplomat he chose as ambassador to Indonesia. “The territorial integrity of China became a shibboleth. We finally got a territorially integrated China—for whose benefit? The Communists.…

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 4040-44 - Added on Monday, November 18, 2013, 10:13 AM

Whenever he and Allen presented such a far-reaching plan, all understood that President Eisenhower had approved and that they must vote favorably.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 4074-75 - Added on Monday, November 18, 2013, 10:17 AM

“Allison continued to raise annoying questions throughout the development of the operation,” one CIA officer recalled afterward. “We handled the problem by getting Allen Dulles to have his brother relieve Allison of his post.”

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 4079-81 - Added on Monday, November 18, 2013, 10:17 AM

When the rocket was finally launched, with millions watching on live television, it hovered above the launchpad for a few moments and then exploded.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 4159-60 - Added on Monday, November 18, 2013, 10:58 AM

They also reinforced a spreading sense that both the president and secretary of state had grown weak and tired. In the twenty-six months since Eisenhower’s heart attack, he had suffered both an attack of ileitis—an intestinal inflammation—and a mild stroke. His speech slowed palpably. In public he sometimes seemed disconnected and adrift. Foster also lost his glow and began to slow down. The world was entering a period of profound change, but he remained frozen in intransigence.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 4162-65 - Added on Monday, November 18, 2013, 10:59 AM

The Chicago Daily News hinted at what was happening—it said that weapons for Indonesian rebels were falling from the sky “like manna from heaven”—but no other newspaper went even that far. Many were spared the necessity of deciding what to print because their correspondents censored themselves. “We did not write about it,” an Associated Press reporter confessed years later. “Maybe it was a kind of patriotism that kept us from doing so.”

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 4258-61 - Added on Monday, November 18, 2013, 11:08 AM

Then, before dawn on July 14, 1958, nationalist officers in Iraq overthrew their pro-American monarchy. Soon afterward they executed the king, the crown prince, and Prime Minister Nuri as-Said, who was outspokenly pro-Western and Nasser’s most potent Arab enemy.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 4315-17 - Added on Monday, November 18, 2013, 11:13 AM

Senator Wayne Morse of Oregon lamented “the mixing of American blood with Arabian oil in the Middle East.”

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 4335-36 - Added on Monday, November 18, 2013, 11:15 AM

This episode also illustrated the changing image of Israel in the United States. President Truman had endorsed the creation of Israel in 1948 after overruling both his secretary of state, George Marshall, and his secretary of defense, James Forrestal, who predicted that the existence of a Jewish state would cause endless conflict in the Middle East.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 4338-41 - Added on Monday, November 18, 2013, 11:17 AM

The emergence of Nasser and his nationalist ideology in the mid-1950s, however, led Foster to shift his view. He considered Arab nationalism illegitimate and inherently anti-Western. Soviet leaders, sensing an opening, abandoned Israel and embraced the Arab cause. Foster, who had not previously been sympathetic to Zionism, jumped into the strategic vacuum and steered the United States steadily closer to Israel.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 4347-50 - Added on Monday, November 18, 2013, 11:18 AM

This made Foster and Allen midwives of both relationships that framed America’s approach to the Middle East for the next half century: the one with Saudi Arabia and the one with Israel.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 4350-52 - Added on Monday, November 18, 2013, 11:18 AM

“If there is an out-and-out question as to who began the name-calling between Sukarno and Washington, then I have to admit it was Sukarno,” he wrote in his memoir. “But look here, Sukarno is a shouter. He is emotional. If he is angry, he shoots thunderbolts. But he thunders only at those he loves. I would adore to make up with the United States of America.… Oh, America, what is the matter with you? Why couldn’t you have been my friend?”

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 4393-97 - Added on Monday, November 18, 2013, 11:23 AM

Nixon’s violence-torn trip through Latin America, the collapse of Archipelago, the overthrow and murder of pro-American leaders in Iraq, and the marine landing in Lebanon were more than enough to occupy both beleaguered brothers during the spring and summer of 1958. Then, at the end of August, China resumed shelling the disputed islands of Quemoy and Matsu. Three months later, Khrushchev gave a speech asserting that it was time for all foreign powers to withdraw their troops from Berlin. He said that if the United States wished to continue occupying a sector of the city, it should negotiate with the government of East Germany, which the United States did not recognize.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 4474-79 - Added on Tuesday, November 19, 2013, 11:49 AM

Americans had come to view Foster the way children might view a strict old schoolmaster. At the end of his life he seemed frozen into immobility, an anachronism, a prisoner of the past. When he was gone, though, the nation felt bereft.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 4511-13 - Added on Tuesday, November 19, 2013, 11:53 AM

Although Eisenhower was near-apoplectic at this prospect, he directed his anger at Castro, not the Soviets. In fact, as his anti-Castro fervor was rising, he decided to invite Nikita Khrushchev to Washington—something that would have been inconceivable while Foster was alive.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 4540-42 - Added on Tuesday, November 19, 2013, 11:56 AM

Eisenhower had hoped to end his term with Soviet-American relations improving. Instead they were nearly as frigid as when he took office. “The episode humiliated Khrushchev and discredited his relatively moderate policies,” George Kennan wrote. “It forced him to fall back, for the defense of his own political position, on a more strongly belligerent anti-American tone of public utterance.”

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 4581-84 - Added on Tuesday, November 19, 2013, 07:58 PM

The Congo is said to be the richest piece of geography on earth. When King Leopold II of Belgium appropriated it in 1885, he called it “a splendid piece of cake.” During their seventy-five-year rule, Belgians made immense fortunes in the Congo. Millions of Congolese died through massacre or in slave labor. It was the bloodiest episode in the history of European colonialism.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 4591-94 - Added on Tuesday, November 19, 2013, 07:59 PM

Perhaps never has a country been granted independence with less preparation. Belgium had refused to educate its Congolese subjects; in 1960, by one count, there were just seventeen college graduates in a population of thirteen million. Not a single Congolese had substantial experience in government or public administration. There were no Congolese doctors, lawyers, or engineers. The economy was almost entirely in foreign hands. Citizens were spread out across a country the size of Western Europe, and represented a bewildering array of tribes, cultures, and languages. There was neither an educated elite nor a middle class. Since Belgian military commanders refused to promote native soldiers above the rank of sergeant, there was not even a single Congolese officer.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 4601-6 - Added on Tuesday, November 19, 2013, 08:01 PM

Allen could not have failed to present Devlin’s cable. Years later, congressional investigators pinpointed this as the day when Eisenhower “circumlocutiously” ordered Lumumba assassinated.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 4789-90 - Added on Tuesday, November 19, 2013, 08:26 PM

It was at this life-or-death moment—Lumumba in brooding confinement while the CIA plotted to kill him—that Louis Armstrong arrived in the Congo. Rather than playing for an audience that included Lumumba, he played for one that included Devlin and Ambassador Timberlake.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 4871-73 - Added on Tuesday, November 19, 2013, 08:33 PM

This was the spy trade as Allen liked to imagine it, brutal at times but essential to world peace—and always with a neat ending. Neither Bond nor his superiors ever worry about the long-term consequences of their acts, and there never are any.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 4911-12 - Added on Tuesday, November 19, 2013, 08:36 PM

The list of places where he helped direct covert operations is an intelligence abecedarian’s dream: Albania, Berlin, China, Guatemala, Hungary, Indonesia, Iran, Korea, Poland, Romania. He was never the same after Hungary.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 4915-16 - Added on Tuesday, November 19, 2013, 08:37 PM

In late 1960, the Sino-Soviet split burst into public view when Khrushchev abruptly withdrew all Soviet advisers from China, which had emerged as the more radical of the two countries. This development intensified interest in covert action there. Allen welcomed it. His plan to foment civil war in China by attacking from Burma had failed but, undaunted, he decided to try again a thousand miles away, in Tibet.

- The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War (Stephen Kinzer), Highlight Loc. 4955-58 - Added on Tuesday, November 19, 2013, 08:41 PM